How 19th-Century Mariners Determined Vessel Headings and Angles

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In the 19th century, one of the primary instruments used for measuring angles, comparing bearings, and executing nautical charting was the graphometer.

The graphometer features a graduated semicircular arc marked in degrees. By adjusting its movable sighting arm (alidade), mariners could accurately measure the angle between two observed points.

National Museum of American History – Smithsonian Institution

The graphometer on display at the “Surakhani” Ship-Museum is crafted from a copper alloy. Featuring intricate engravings, a precise degree scale, and an integrated central compass, this exhibit stands as a notable example of maritime navigation history.

Royal Museums Greenwich

Visitors interested in viewing this historic artifact up close are invited to visit the “Surakhani” Ship-Museum.