The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), in its latest report, has warned that global sand consumption is exceeding the natural rate of replenishment.
According to the report, around 50 billion tonnes of sand are consumed worldwide each year due to population growth, urbanization, infrastructure projects, and economic development.
UNEP states that demand for sand used in the construction sector alone is expected to increase by 45% by 2060.
The organization notes that while sand takes hundreds of thousands of years to form naturally, extraction continues at a rapid pace, creating serious risks for ecosystems.
Pascal Peduzzi, Director of UNEP’s Global Resource Information Database in Geneva, said:
“Sand is sometimes called the invisible hero of development. Yet its critical role in maintaining ecosystem services is often overlooked.”
The report distinguishes between industrial “dead sand” and “living sand” found in rivers, deltas, and coastal zones. It emphasizes that “living sand” plays a vital role in regulating water flows, protecting coastlines, and preserving biodiversity.
UNEP also highlights that sand supports tourism and fisheries while providing habitats for fish, turtles, birds, and other wildlife.
The document notes that rising demand for sand is disrupting the balance between industrial interests and environmental protection. Excessive extraction not only damages ecosystems but also threatens food and water security.
The report further states that nearly half of the companies engaged in dredging operations operate within protected marine areas, accounting for 15% of total global dredging activity.
UNEP has called on governments to develop national strategies for sustainable sand management, strengthen monitoring systems, and increase transparency in extraction activities.
